Should The Mandatory Detention Policy Be Allowed

The mandatory detention policy in Australia is a legal requirement to detain non-citizens without a valid visa. It was first introduced in 1992 by the Australian Labour Party led by Paul Keating, as a response to the number of boat arrivals seeking asylum in Australia from the aftermath of the Vietnam War. In 1976 to 1981, the first wave of 2000 asylum seekers landed in Australia, where they were sympathetically allowed entrance, followed by a quick grant of a refugee visa status as they were assumed to be ‘genuine refugees’. However, continuous boats arrived been 1989 and 1994 which caused concern within the Australian public as there were issues of increased unemployment (Phillips, 2000). Although detention was still discretionary and not mandatory, an enactment of the Migration Legalisation Amendment (1989) introduced changes to the system of processing boat arrivals. In his speech, Gerry Hand (1992), the then Minister of Immigration stated that the new policy change is only intended to be an â€Å"interim measure†¦for a specific class of persons†. However, it was subsequently extended to all ‘unlawful’ non-citizens with the enactment of the Migration Reform Act (1992). The Act established a new system of distinguishing a ‘lawful’ and ‘unlawful’ citizen. The changes effectively introduced a policy of ‘administrative detention’ for all people entering Australia without a valid visa, or any others present in the country unlawfully (i.e. without a valid visa), while theirShow MoreRelatedAsylum Seeker And Refugee Response977 Words   |  4 Pagesseekers and the challenges Australia is facing. Currently we have a policy called operation sovereign boarders. Operation sovereign boarders is a military led response to stop people smuggling and protect Australia’s boarders. This was voted in by the Abbot government in September 2013 during the federal election. Its aim is to stop asylum seekers from reaching Australia by boat, and to deny asylum seekers migration to Australia. The policy enforces turning back asylum seeker boats or towing them backRead MoreAustralia s Ideological Identity As A Nation1700 Words   |  7 Pagesinternationally, as is evident in descriptions of the troops as, â€Å"magnificent fellows† (15?), a sentiment that was generally widespread (15). Unfortunately, it is likely that Australia s increasing international reputation during the World Wars allowed for slackening in other areas. Australia s involvement in the post-World War Two response to refugees was satisfactory at face value, but merely obligatory on closer inspection. The nation accepted 170 000 European displaced persons after the warRead MoreThe Rights Of Human Rights1938 Words   |  8 Pagescertain principles including that of liberty, fairness and respect of human dignity. Human rights must be acknowledged and protected by government agencies to ensure that these rights are taken into account in law, the process of legislation, public policy and politics.1 However many groups within society remain marginalised and vulnerable to human rights violations. The focus issue that will be discussed in this essay is the right to liberty- to not be apprehended in arbitrary custody, which interferesRead MoreImmigration Persuasive Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunities that come their way. U.S. residents are allowed to vacate and visit the places immigrants come from, yet they have to risk their lives in hopes of a better life. Where is the equality? The unfair treatment arises from them simply being illegal, however everyone deserves equality regardless of their background and origin. The deep stigma and outlook on immigrants in today’s society can be quite controversial. The government should indeed allow immigrants to find a place to call home withoutRead MoreAustralian Immigration Essay2524 Words   |  11 Pageson to explore refugees and discuss the perceptions of refugees, settlement issues of refugees and then go on to look at the practice of mandatory detention of refugees in Australia. One of the first pieces of legislation to be passed after federation was the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 or what was to be known as the white Australia policy it was a policy based on race not nationality. (Holmes, Hughes, Julien 2007). This was driven by the ‘white miners resentment towards the Chinese diggersRead MoreThe Issue Of Turning Back The Boat People1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most important and grossing issues from recent decades and Govt. of Australia has taken an undeniably secure stand on the issue of refugees who endeavour to land in Australia by watercraft (Hasmath McKenzie 2013). Some people says government should consider the needs of people coming by boat as they have reached here after risking their lives and facing a lot of difficulties but some says that these people don’t have any right to live in Australia as they came here with an illegal way. PeopleRead MoreObama s Immigration Reform Policy952 Words   |  4 Pagesobservation report I have chosen to talk about Obama’s immigration reform policy. It seems as if immigration has been an on-going issue in the United States for quite some time. Whether people are for it or against it; immigration has always been a topic of discussion. We may not see it on the news everyday but we are surrounded by the discussion at home, in school, around friends, and even co-workers. Policy Overview Obama’s policy which goes by the name of the Common Sense Proposal, is tackling theRead MoreThe Delinquency Is A Symptom Of A Deep Disturbance Of Personality1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe delinquency is a symptom of a deep disturbance of personality. Is that profound disturbance which should favor the social rehabilitation: psychotherapy, drug therapy, individualized institutional, etc. Young offenders are not monsters. They are people like many others, who had never committed any criminal act. When the offender is an adolescent or child, a disturbing dissonance between the seriousness of the violation of law and the idea that it is generally the nature of the child or adolescentRead MoreThe Usa Patriot Act, a Controversial Public Policy, Julius Taka2951 Words   |  12 PagesThe USA Patriot Act of 2001 is a controversial public policy, which greatly undermines the civil liberties and constitutional freedom of the American people. This essay will moved from an overview of th e USA Patriot Act to a review of the critical literature regarding the importance of the Act to the safety of Americans and shows how the Act violates the civil rights and liberties of citizens and noncitizens alike. After presenting sufficient evidence that the Patriot Act violates many of the basicRead MoreThe Emergence Of The Private Prison System1992 Words   |  8 Pagesanticrime policies. The main issue that the federal prisons were faced with was that the prison population was increasing rapidly due to the war on drugs with a mandatory minimum sentencing law and later the three strikes law. The war on drugs is thought to have begun under the under the Regan administration; however, it more adequately dates back to the Nixon administration. The policies of the Regan administration built onto the foundation of the Nixon White House and further strengthen the policy put

The Dangers of Alcoholism - 828 Words

My topic that I research is Alcoholism. This is the number one addiction for people is the US. Most people start drinking because of peer pressure from friends and family. When your drink alcohol there’s a lot of long term effects to your body. You will get liver diseases, Cardiovascular diseases. Your brain cells will die and you will have reproductive problems. You have risk of getting different type of cancers such as mouth,throat and esophageal. If you get esophageal cancer it will make it very difficult to eat because this cancer affect your tube that allows food to go to stomach. There are a lot of popular games that you can play with alcohol. The most famous one and the one mostly played at parties is beer pong. This game is very simple the more ping pong balls you make in cups the more people have to drink this can get some one very drunk if he/she is playing against a skilled player. The other popular but not so played games are â€Å"flip cup†, â€Å"california kings†, â€Å"power hour†, â€Å"edward 40 hands†, â€Å"fubar† and â€Å"quarters.† But alcohol can get someone drunk by their weight. Since alcohol travels through the bloodstream. So if a person weighs a lot it will take more alcohol for them to get drunk. So if your skinny your chances of getting drunk faster is easier. Also women can get drunk faster than men. This is because of the body. A womans body has more fat than males and women have less APH enzymes. There are also a lot of ways for aShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism1165 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone to drink and how can they overcome alcoholism? Are a person s emotions the motivating factor to suppress depression or hate? Are social groups, peer pressure, or the need to fit in the primary motivator or is it a result from the type of environment the drinker was raised in? Is it possible to overcome alcoholism and live a happy and normal life? Let’s take a look at a few of the factors that could motivate someone to fall victim to alcoholism and the chances of overcoming this dreadfulRead MoreEssay on Dangers of Alcoholism810 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a very serious disease, which can cause illness, death, injuries, schooling problems, family breakups, and crime. It is a proven fact the alcohol kills more people than any other illegal drugs combined. However, alcohol courses freely through American society, from college bars to corporate lunches. In a recent journal article by The Scientist, it is stated, Technology shows alcohol abuse changes brains molecular programming and circuitry? (Scientist). ThusRead MoreThe Dangers Of Teenage Alcoholism863 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism is classified as a chronic illness, an addiction that affects the physical condition of a person as well as the mental. With one in every twelve adults living with alcohol abuse, it is a possibility that the children of these people will grow up and follow their parents. In this pattern there is a never ending cycle of alcohol abuse and dependence that has resulted in alcohol being ranked as the third leading cause of behavior rel ated deaths in America (Facts About Alcohol. 2015, July)Read More The Dangers of Alcohol and Alcoholism Essay3323 Words   |  14 Pagesmillion suffer from alcoholism. (Haisong 6) The dangers of alcohol affect everyone from children with alcoholic parents, to teenagers who abuse alcohol, then to citizens who are terrorized by drunk drivers. Alcoholism is defined as a destructive addiction to alcohol while alcohol abuse is defined as a destructive abuse of alcohol. Alcoholism is the most severe form of alcohol abuse but there are many different factors that contribute to a person becoming an alcoholic. Alcoholism is genetic but usuallyRead MoreThe Effects of Alcoholism During Pregnancy Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Alcoholism During Pregnancy The hazardous dangers of alcoholism during pregnancy have been known for decades. However, even with the vast information given to pregnant mothers, with labeled warnings on every alcoholic beverage, pregnant women still continue to pick up the bottle of alcohol, continuing their journey to the destruction of their bodies and the road of dangers for the unborn child. Perhaps every person who has little to no knowledge in healthRead MoreParents Influence and Role in Teenagers Prevalence to Underage Drinking and Alcoholism916 Words   |  4 PagesParent’s Influence and Role in Teenagers Prevalence to Underage Drinking and Alcoholism Alcohol (beverages): beverages which contain ethanol substance, this substance cause a person become drunk (e.g. beer, whiskey). (W. Merriam Corporation, 2011) Definition of alcoholism †¢ According to mayo clinic, alcoholism is an inability to control the desire to consume alcoholic beverages. The desire will always lead to serious condition, because the person who drinks alcohol does not know if he/she drinksRead MoreA Research Study On Prevention1432 Words   |  6 Pageskey to treatment. Here are some suggestions that I propose. Firstly, I suggest that the communities of San Juan County work together to educate the youth early and de-romanticize the drinking experience by having Al anon speakers, speak about the dangers. Real life experiences are proven to hold a greater impact on an audience rather than just some literature. There are 37 states so far to require some sort of drug and alcohol prevention in the classrooms. Although in theory this is a good idea, lackRead MoreWhat are the Causes of Alcholism and How Can We Prevent It? Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesand many people take drinking beyond social and celebration environments. Many Americans suffer from a disease known as alcoholism, it is not only the addiction to, but the inability to function without alcohol. Just like many other substances, in excess alcohol can create many issues within the body both mentally and physically, this is the issue behind alcoholism. Alcoholism, The Cause and Effects Alcohol has been around since ancient times, the original purpose was to treat water for bacteriaRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Brain And Body866 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of alcoholism, which vary from person to person. The American Psychiatric Association recognizes early symptoms as: restlessness, anxiety, stubbornness and anger. This drives the person to self-destructive and antisocial behavior. The outer phenomenology of an alcoholic provides an image of a defiant, over confident, exuberant and independent personality; behind which is a victim who feels inferior, depressed, dependant, helpless and worthless. Even though the alcoholic realizes the danger, theRead MoreAlcoholism And Drug Abuse And Alcoholism1231 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholism and drug abuse are a plague ailing this country and the world at large. Many people think that an alcoholic or an addict is a weak individual, they are often not. They are suffering from a medical condition that hinges on various risk factors. Over 125,000 Americans die yearly due to drug addiction and alcoholism. Genetics, personality and environment contribute majorly in the risk of alcoholism and drug abuse. Genetically if a member of your family had a problem with substance

Jay-Z Alicia Keys Empire State of Mind by Jay Z, Alicia Keys free essay sample

Jay-Z and Alicia Keys have recently combined to write and perform a new song called Empire State of Mind. This song is on Jay-Zs album The Blueprint 3. I like the song so much, that it is actually my Myspace Song. It was so well liked that they actually performed together, singing the song, at the VMA Awards. Also, the song was recently performed at game two of The World Series in New York, ironically. It tells about how you can tell that a person is from New York. It is well written by Jay-Z himself. I have always been a fan of Jay-Zs music, but this song just did it all for me. I also like him because I have the initials J Z. He is my idol, and I look up to his music. He has inspired many people over the years, and still has plenty of his best years ahead of him. We will write a custom essay sample on Jay-Z Alicia Keys Empire State of Mind by Jay Z, Alicia Keys or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Language of The Lightning-Rod Man free essay sample

A look at religious symbolism, diction, and a description of Herman Melvilles short story, The Lightning-Rod Man. This research paper focuses on the language of Herman Melvilles The Lightning-Rod Man. The author examines diction, characterization, and description, and how Melville uses these aspects to portray the theme and religious symbolism of the story. Also includes short comparison to John Miltons Paradise Regained. Herman Melvilles short story, The Lightning-Rod Man, first appeared in Putnams Monthly Magazine in August of 1854 and was later published in Melvilles The Piazza Tales in 1856 (Verdier, 273). It seems all critics have a different opinion of the story. One anonymous critic said, The Lightning-Rod Man a story which excited great attention when originally published in Putnams Monthly (Parker, 83). One the other hand, another anonymous critic said, The Lightning-Rod Man is a very flat recital which we should never have suspected Melville of producing, had it not been put forth under the sanction of his name (Parker, 81). We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of The Lightning-Rod Man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Critics also differ in what they think is the theme of the story, but most will agree that Melville creates religious symbolism through his diction and characterization. Verdier says, the tale may be seen as a confrontation between Good and Evil (274), which the story, on an emblematic level, most definitely is. Through description and diction, the narrator is understood as a follower of God, someone who believes in The Almighty watching over him. On the other hand, the lightning-rod man is seen as a negative character, someone who only has faith in the product hes peddling. Symbolically, the lightning-rod man is representative of Satan himself.

Academic, Personal Management, and Teamwork Skills free essay sample

These are probably the most important skills you have to get, because nowadays employers are looking for people with best academically background, because they know that a better prepared employee can give better answers at the time of working, but of course, as a worker you must be prepared for every kind of situation, because you never know what can happen, and I say this on the Academic Skills because one of these skills is the capacity to learn and adapt yourself to the situation you have to solve.On the other hand, personal management I?s an important skill and here is the reason. Nowadays employers are not just looking for smart people, they are not just looking for barbarians that can be very good at what they do but they cant control their emotions, theyre now looking for people with a level of Emotional Intelligence, because they think Theres nothing to do with a guy that knows the whole process, but cannot accept a constructive critic so hats the reason the Personal Managem ent is one of the most important skills In a job. We will write a custom essay sample on Academic, Personal Management, and Teamwork Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And finally we have teamwork skills. Its obvious you will not be away from civilization when you work. Its well known that you must interact with several people during your work hours, and you must know that getting along well with them its an important step for this skill. You must be patient, tolerant and last but not least, participative, because as a team you must take decisions together and respect others opinion.So, we can conclude that: Workers must be integral persons, with academically, personal, and teamwork skills, so they can get along well with their work partners and environment. We must not focus on having or enhancing just one of these skills, on the contrary we must work out the three of them, because the three of them are important. It doesnt matter we dont have the three of these skills, no one is born knowing everything, we can enhance a develop this, and many more skills.

Genocide essay Essay Example

Genocide essay Essay Example Genocide essay Essay Genocide essay Essay Essay on genocide Can the World Resolve the Problem of Genocide? People have a tendency of dismissing genocide, claiming that it occurs very rarely. The 1994 Rwandan genocide is considered by many as the worst and a basis of comparison for the inhuman act. In reality however, Rwanda is just one of numerous countries in which genocide occurred during the 21st century. As a matter of fact, more people were slaughtered in acts of genocide during the previous century than in the two world wars combined. People may never know the effect that genocide has had on the world. Such tremendous loss of lives must be put to an end and it the responsibility of humanity to ensure that this happens. This papers look at whether the world is capable of resolving the problem of genocide. : In 2007, the Montreal conference was held with the aim of pressuring world leaders to take into consideration the mass murders taking place in different places of this world. However, General Romeo Dallaire begged to differ. General Romeo Dallaire from Canada headed a UN peacekeeping force in Africa during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Unfortunately, Gen. Dallaire and his troops were unable to stop the genocide after the UN headquarters in New York betrayed them therefore starving them of resources to conduct their mission. According to Gen. Dallaire, young people have the ability to change how people respond to genocide in the future. The 1948 the genocide convention described genocide as the intentional and collective annihilation of a human group in its entirety based on its ethnic, religious, racial, or national identity. The question posed by this essays document-based question is whether the world can resolve the problem of genocide. Questions about genocide Lemkins letter to the New York Times notes that the UN should declare the problem of genocide as an international crime to provide for its prevention and punishment. Also, the letter proposes the need to protect the values of civilization through institutions that conform to a progressive international law. According to Lemkins letter, the Nuremburg tribunal had to dismiss Nazi crimes due to lack of adequate provisions and the formulation of international law previously. As a result, the United Nations is currently being tasked with the duty of seeing to it that future genocides are prevented. In 1948, the UN General Assembly approved an international agreement that would ensure the prevention and punishment of genocide crimes. Irina Lagunina finds that the international community took too long to prosecute those responsible for the horrors of the holocaust. However, it took the international community forty years to punish the crimes of the holocaust because they first had to bring peace to the regions affected by the genocide crimes. The Armenians, Cambodians, and Tutsis are three known victims of genocide in the world. There should be immediate response from the international community to eradicate genocide as a crime against humankind. There is clear evidence from past events on how the world should put an end to genocide, which is to remove it completely. Therefore, the world can resolve the problem of genocide if it utilizes the right tools. Also, the right action should be enough for a change. Moreover, the failure to respond to gross violation of human rights adequately and promptly by government institutions implies that a countrys ability to resolve genocide problems is not as strong as international institutions would expect. Hence, if such governments cannot spearhead actions against genocide, then the people are also at a disadvantage because they are also fighting amongst themselves. The UN Security Council has embarked on steps to resolve the problem of genocide. For example, the council has formed a permanent tribunal to judge crimes against humanity. The council has also established a military task force to fight war crimes. Finally, the council has brought together various governments to support the fight against violation of human rights. Is genocide still happening today There currently exists a set of international human rights agreed upon by countries worldwide. These rights are supposed to be enjoyed by every individual in any country, which supports them. These rights should also help in dealing with the problem of genocide because they show that an individual in a certain country has the same rights as every other individual from any other part of the world. Therefore, by this reasoning, it is not right to kill someone residing in a country because they are not native citizens. Nonetheless, even with the existence of resourceful super powers such as the United Nations, European Union, and the United States of America, the world still has no clear understanding of what genocide is. Due to lack of proper understanding of genocide and its aspects, the EU, UN, and USA continue to face problems in dealing with genocide. Dealing with genocide has become difficult for the three groups because even with graphic images of genocide circulating all over the world, they fail to comprehend the magnitude of evil involved. Also, the leaders of these groups are accountable to their citizens. Hence, when the public remains silent on the matter, leaders interpret their silence as indifference. Hence, failure to act tends to be the safest route. If the country governments as well as the UN can improve their strategies in handling genocide worldwide, we can help eliminate the problem faster and prevent its occurrence in the future instead of having to experience it again and then waiting for decades to solve it.

Presenting and Analyzing employment data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Presenting and Analyzing employment data - Essay Example However, the output from manufacturing industry has increased considerably during the period in which employment declined. The Figure 1.1 provides information on the changes in the manufacturing industry from the previous year. During 1990 to 1994 there has been considerable decline in the employment rate of manufacturing sector. This rate changed from 1994 when there was increase in the growth of jobs in manufacturing sector. However the This is clear from the Figure 1.2 that manufacturing job has declined from 4870 thousands in 1987 to 2867 thousands in the year by 2008. There has been a cyclic movement of the incline and decline of the jobs in manufacturing sector. In 1994 the employment in manufacturing sector was 4074 thousand that increased steadily till 1998 when it reached to 4295 thousands job and than it has started declining. Figure 1.3 (public sector employment) shows the change in output of UK manufacturing industry since 1999. It is indexed relative to the output in 2005. This means that the output in 2005 was given the value 5900. The output in 2005 was given the value 5250. It means this graph shows year –on – year growths 1999 to 2005. After year 2005, there was slowdown for three consecutive years (2006 to 2008) and finally a rapid spurt. The output sharp rise during the years 2008 to 2009. In total there are now more than 6 million people employed in the public sector compared to about 5.2 million. It means 16 per cent output increase in ten years previously. Figure 1.4 shows the details of the actual annual changes in employment that have taken place in the public sector over the past 10 years. It shows that growth was fairly consistent on annual basis in 2000 to 2005. It means approximately 100,000 employment increased in public sector per year. Before a period of slight decline mainly due to a

Globalizm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalizm - Essay Example It is the process that has a lot of effect on life and economic development of the world and on the overall well-being of humans in all the societies of the world. (Manfred 2003, p. 97) Globalism is therefore the phenomenon that transforms some things from local to global ones. It is the unification of the whole world into a single society that is judged by the same benchmark in all the spheres of life. Though it has found most of its definition on the economic front, it has lot of effect of the social cultural life of the people. However in our real definition, Globalism and globalization does not mean the same thing. Though they may be both referring to the concept of bringing the world closer, there is a difference in the application of the two terms. Globalism describes the realism of interconnecting the world. This means that it is the aspect of one region being interconnected to the rest of the world and in reference to the world it is the aspect of having the entire world becoming interconnected. Globalization on the other hand can be described as the speed at which these connections increase or the speed at which these connections decreases. ... In this paper will apply the two terms to mean the same aspect of interconnecting the world to a global village. (Nye, 2002) Globalism describes a world that is characterised by interconnected networks which reduces the distance between continents. It understands all the interconnection of the modern world and also highlights all the patterns underlying most of these connections. On the other hand globalisation refers to the forces and the dynamisms of the changes that are taking place in the world that shapes these interconnections. Globalism is also used in other instances to describe the positive aspect of the process of globalization. In this case it is opposed to mundialism which can be described as anti globalisation. Therefore Globalism can also be taken as an aspect of globalization which supports the need to have the process take root in the world as it portray the pro-globalization views. (i) Origin The origin of the terms can be traced back to a long time ago but the real experience of the term surfaced in the 1980s, although the concept took root in the world in the 1990s and late 1980s. However the earliest written concept globalisation can be traced to 1897 when Russell described corporate giants referring to corporations which were spreading their wings beyond their mother locations. Globalisation can be traced back to early 16th century when Portuguese explores began to find sea routes which could be used for trade. This apparently marked the beginning of Globalism although it has become a familiar subject of interest and study in the recent past. What we call globalism today can be seen as nothing but more of a modern globalism which has been marked by post-second world war events.

Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critique - Assignment Example The authors have discussed various approaches the organizations will use modern knowledge to capitalize on customer involvement and transform brand conversation expertise and populations. Therefore, as the marketing world undergoes digital transformations the most essential tools for marketers will be maximizing on forming relationships with the customers and delivery of value to them by taking customers are the central nerve of the marketers’ activities. These perceptions are echoed by Wong in the article â€Å"The Future of Advertising.† Wong makes a similar observation and argues that marketers’ competitiveness will be determined by their ability to identify customer’s specific needs and to satisfy that requirement in real time (Wong, 2015). Also, he argues that the era of mass-marketing products is coming to an end because although televisions and radios assist in reaching many audiences they are not sufficient for consumer engagement. On the contrary, marketers will use strategies to identify the exact needs of the consumer momentarily and satisfy that need in real time. Wong cites an example of Google and Apple use of mobile applications to control human health, cars and homes as a mark of the beginning of the digital era that leads instantaneous satisfaction consumer needs (Wong, 2015). Therefore, marketers will use various applications and devices to interact with consumers and deliver their value through the devices and applications The book and the article presents the clear truth about the future marketing by arguing that the marketers should understand the specific needs and wants of the customers, focus on particular market segment which they can be able to satisfy and maximize on value creation to appeal to the customers and develop value for them (Kottler & Armstrong, 2015). Through such marketing practices, the organizations can enlarge

Anti-viral and Anti-cancer Effect of Sea Cucumber Extracts

Anti-viral and Anti-cancer Effect of Sea Cucumber Extracts The Anti-viral and Anti-cancer effect of secondary metabolite extracts from sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota) in vitro Abstract Sea cucumber is used as food purposes and traditional medicine in Asia and Middle East society. In this scientific study we try to examine antiviral effect of organic extracts, obtained from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota species against HIV-1. For this reason, sea cucumber collected from 10-30 meters depths, around Larak Island. In order to extract, were used from methanol and diethyl ether solvents. All obtained extracts concentrated by rotary evaporator in 40  ° C and then changed to lyophilized powder by vacuum freeze dryer. After that, potential antiviral effect of each extracts on HIV-1 was investigated. The results of this experiments showed that all extracts in some concentrations were able to inhibit the replication of HIV-1. IC50 for their was variable between 5.03  ± 1.90  µg/ml until 337.60  ± 1.34  µg/ml . but cytotoxic effect of all extracts in host cell were also many and CC50 for their was variable between 5.11  ± 1.89  µg/ml until 56.27  ± 1.54  µg/ml. results shown detail ether body wall extract have highest antiviral effect and also it was relatively less cytotoxic effect. 2.79 TI for this extract was shown, it has potential to inhibit HIV-1 after identify and extract effective substances. For survey anti-cancer probably effect have used XTT assay. The results of this experiment showed, all different extracts could be able to prevent Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) in some concentration. But also, they had strong cytotoxic effect on normal cell line (HEK293T). Totaly between all different extracts, body wall diethyl ether extract had less cytotoxic effect on normal cells and with 2.46 TI index, showed rather anticancer activitythan other extract. Introduction In recent years, many bioactive compounds identify and derived from various marine organisms. Searches for discover new metabolites led to isolated 10,000 new combination from marine animals. Many of these compounds are related to medicine and pharmacy. This compounds and natural products have been source of materials that have medicine effects (Faulkner, 1996). These bioactive compounds isolated from various marine organisms, including Corals, crabs, seaweeds, Echinoderms, fishes, sponges and etc. Sea cucumbers belong to the phylum Echinodermata, meaning that, they are spiny-skinned, under the class Holothuridea. They are found throughout the nearshore coral reef environment and are also found in the deepest parts of the ocean. Sea cucumbers play an important role in reef recycling, gathering organic detritus and bacteria from the water or sand for food. These particles are digested by the animals in order to extract nutrients, a process that helps turn over sediments to maintain an environment that supports other marine life. Other animals, including fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, eat sea cucumber eggs, larvae and juveniles making them an important member of the food web. Many species eject Cuvierian tubules when threatened. These are very sticky and can be toxic or irritating to predators. They are a diverse group of flexible, elongated, worm-like organ- isms, with a leathery skin and gelatinous body, resembling cucumber (Bordbar, Anwar, Saari, 2011) Sea cucumbers are one of the marine animals which are important as human food source, particularly in some parts of Asia . Sea cucumbers, informally named as bà ªche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. In Holothuria leucospilota live specimens have reddish-purple until black and their color is converted to brownish-pink in alcohol. they have Cylindrical body and their abdomen is a little flat. The body wall of the sea cucumber lacks the rigidity found in other echinoderms because the calcareous plates (ossicles) that compose the skeletal system are very small and widely isolated. These ossicles are secreted by special cells called sclerocytes and are embedded in the outer layers of the skin. Ossicles are species-specific in structure and complexity, and can be used to identify species ( Lambert., 2005). Many bioactive compounds have been reported from different species of sea cucumber. A number of these compounds possess biological activity (Bryan et al., 1992; Villasin and Pomory, 2000) Some of sea cucumber species in Malaysia water are being used in traditional medicine to treat wound, eczema, arthritis or hypertension (Farouk et al., 2007). Sea cucumbers have been well recognized as a tonic and traditional remedy in Chinese and Malaysian literature for their effectiveness against hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, cuts and burns, impotence and constipation [18–23]. Several unique biological and pharmacological activities namely anti-angiogenic [24], anticancer [25], anticoagulant [26,27], anti-hypertension [28], anti-inflammatory [29–31], antimicrobial [32,33], antioxidant [34], antithrombotic [35,36], antitumor [37,38], and wound healing [39] have been ascribed to chemical compounds extracted from different sea cucumber species (Bordbar et al., 2011). These medicinal benefits and health functions of sea cucumbers can be attributed to the presence of appreciable amounts of bioactive compounds, especially the triterpene glycosides (saponins) [40–42], chondroitin sulfates [43], glycosaminoglycan [26,36], sulfated polysaccharides [44], sterols (glycosides and sulfates) [45], phenolics [46], peptides [47], cerberosides [48] and lectins [49–51]. Unlike bacteria, fungi and parasites, viruses have no cellular structure. when Viruses are outside live cells they behave like organic compounds and they are not able to replicate and clone independently. They do not have inner cytoplasmic organs such as ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosome. HIV-1 virus or human immunodeficiency virus is an RNA virus of the retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) in humans. According to the World Health Organization, 60 million people worldwide are infected with HIV and each day 5,700 lose their live because of this disease.( UNAIDS, 2010) HIV tends to infect and kill T lymphocytes that cause reduction and losing host cellular immunity and will make susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The presence of various materials, such as Liouvillosides A and B which are trisulfated triterpene glycosides and fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCS), are causing appear anti-viral effects in extracts of these animals. The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide into new cells, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a persons life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. But often no clear cause is found. Material and methods Sample collection All samples collected from 10-30 meters depth around Larak Island and they had transferred to shore with ice. Upon reaching the shore, samples were frozen using dry ice and transported to the laboratory. Samples kept in separated labeled plastic bags in frozen at -20 C until extraction. Extraction Sampels thawed with water and then mud, or sand, foreign particles remaining from the body surface and were washed away with tap water. Samples were cuted from both sides of the midline of the body. internal organs separated from body wall and they cleaned with tap water before extraction. Extracts were prepared following Naik et al. at first, fresh holothurians were rinsed and cut into small pieces. Then cut samples moved to Erlenmeyer with 1000 cc diethyl ether solvent. The sample was collected in diethyletter about 24 hours, the semi- polar and non- poplar extraction was produced. After solution filtered and evaporating diethyletter to dryness, at low pressure at 35- 40C by using Rota vapor. Then the sample put in methanol for 72 hours, The polar extraction was produced The polar compounds in the phase of methanol- aqueous extracts were separated. The concentrated methanol extracts was then dried to obtain crude semi-solid extracts. The crude extract was then weighted and percentages of extraction from sea cucumber were calculated. After 72 hours evaporating methanol to dryness, at low pressure at 40-45 C by using Rota vapor and at the end , extract changed to lyophilized powder by vacuum freeze dryer. Production of Pseudotyped Single-Cycle Replicable HIV Virions Single-cycle replicable HIV-1 (SCR HIV-1) virions were constructed by deleting a 2-kb segment within the Pol region of the HIV-1 genome from the pNL4-3 strain (provided by Dr. Navid Madani). Pseudotyped SCR HIV- 1 virions were produced by co-transfection of HEK293T cells with pmzNL4-3 (containing the mutated genome), psPAX2, and pMD2G plasmids obtained from Addgene (www.addgene.org) (10, 11). The pmzNL4-3 plasmid encodes the HIV-1 full-length RNA, with packaging ability containing the above-mentioned deletion in the Pol region; the psPAX2 plasmid encodes HIV Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins, in addition to all the viral accessory proteins; and the pMD2G plasmid encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus surface glycoprotein (VSVG), which is necessary for virion assembly and the budding process. These pseudotyped virions are able to infect a broad spectrum of cells, even without the CD4 receptor. After co-transfection of the HEK293T cells with the  above-mentioned plasmids b y using the Polyfect reagent (Qiagen, Germany), supernatant containing the  virions was harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h. Virus stock was concentrated 20 times by ultracentrifugation, p24 load was quantified (HIV p24 ELISA, Biomerieux, France), and the stock was stored at -70 °C (10, 11) Cell lines The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)–infected cell line Hela and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells and Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) (American Type Culture Collection) were cultured at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in RPMI1640 medium (Biosera, England) and DMEM (Biosera, England), respectively. The media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Biosera, England), 200 units/mL of penicillin G, and 80 µg/mL of streptomycin (Sigma, USA). XTT-Based Cytotoxicity Assay The cellular toxicity of methanol and diethyl ether extracts in HEK293T, Hela and KB cells were assessed using a cell proliferation XTT kit (Roche Diagnostics, Germany), as described previously (9). Briefly, cells were plated in triplicate in 96-well plates in the presence or absence of various concentrations of methanol and diethyl ether extracts. After incubation at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 3 days, 50 ÃŽ ¼L of prepared XTT mixture was added to each well. The cells were incubated for an additional 4 h to allow the production of XTT formazan. Absorbance was measured using an ELISA plate reader (BioTek ELx800) at a test wavelength of 450 nm and a reference wavelength of 690 nm. Percent inhibition was calculated using the following formula: Inhibition (%) = [100 – (At/ As)] Ãâ€" 100, where As is the absorbance of the solvent and At, of the test sample, respectively. The cytotoxic concentration that resulted in a reduction of the number of viable cells by 50% (CC50) was calculate d from doseresponse curves. Replication assay Vesicular stomatitis virus glyco ­protein (VSVG)-SCR virions can infect Hela cells and complete their replication cycle by assembling of inactive virions. Hela cells (6Ãâ€"104) were seeded in each well of 24 well plates containing 250 ÃŽ ¼l of complete medium and infected with 400 ng P24 VSVG-SCR virions. Cells and virions were incubated together overnight and cells were then washed two times with pre-warmed 5% FBS supplemented DMEM. Complete medium (400 ÃŽ ¼l) was added into each well and cell supernatants were analyzed for p24 load after 48 hrs (HIV P24 ELISA, BIOMERIEUX). Result Antitumor effect of the sea cucumber extracts Evaluations of sea cucumber H. leucospilota extracts for potential anticancer activity on growth human cancer cell lines, Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were evaluated by XTT assay. Methanol digestive organs extract with 2.46 TI index (table 1), showed better anti-cancer effect than other extracts obtained from sea cucumber. Compared to untreated control was detected. The dose dependent decreasing in the percentage of viability of treated cancer cells comparing to controls was represented in the (Fig. 1A to D). As shown in (Fig. 1B), among the other extracts, only methanol digestive organs exhibited antiproliferative effects against the cancer cells. In addition this extract was rather less cytotoxic against HEK293T compared with other extracts. Bars represent means of triplicate determinations, and error bar indicate SD. Results were accepted to be significant at p Table-1- Inhibitory effects of sea cucumbers extracts on growth growth human cancer cell lines, Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) Extracts IC50 CC50 TI (CC50/ IC50) KB HEK Methanol body wall 224.9  ± 1.33 281.0  ± 1.18 1.24 Methanol digestive organs 152.5  ± 1.29 375.4  ± 1.11 2.46 Methanol gonad 500 360.1  ± 1.75 0.72> Diethyl ether body wall 279.0  ± 1.17 284.9  ± 1.19 1.02 Diethyl ether digestive organs ~ 449.4  ± 2.51 444.2  ± 1.55 ~1.01 Diethyl ether gonad 367.1  ± 1.29 302.2  ± 1.12 0.82 The IC50 (inhibition concentration 50% of extract that caused inhibition cancerous KB cell line), CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration of the extracts on HEK) and TI (therapeutic index) of different extracts of sea cucumber by using XTT assay, mean  ± SD . Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of sea cucumber extracts on cancerous (KB) and normal (HEK293T) cells, was determined using the XTT assay (un- treated control (1  µl DMSO) cells) Effect of sea cucumber H. leucospilota extracts on KB and HEK293T cells. Internal organs extracts (50 mg/ml) highest antiproliferative effects against KB cells and don’t significant cytotoxic effects than other concentration. Values are mean  ± SD of three determinations. Anti-HIV activity of the sea cucumber extracts In this study first we evaluated the cytotoxic activity on hella cells of different concentration of each extracts with XTT assay. XTT assay appeared all extracts have substantial cytotoxic effect on host cell line. The antiviral activities of each extract are summarized in Table 2. We further determined whether the inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication of these extracts were dose-dependent. We infected hella cells with HIV-1 viruses and then treated the cells with each of the extracts at a concentration of 10  µg/ml to 1000  µg/ml fig 2A to F. None of the extracts showed significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication but the concentration of 100 µ g/ml methanol digestive organs, inhibit HIV-1 replication with less cytotoxic effect compared to other extract fig 2A.in addition body wall extract, with 2.79 TI index has rather better antiviral activity than other extracts(table 2). We also included 0.1% DMSO as a negative control and nevirapine as a positive control in these experi ments. Bars represent means of triplicate determinations, and error bar indicate SD. Results were accepted to be significant at p Table-2- The IC50 (inhibition concentration 50% of extract that caused inhibition of viral replication in HIV-1), CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration of the extracts on host cells (Hela)) and TI (therapeutic index) of different extracts of sea cucumber Extracts IC50 CC50 TI (CC50/ IC50) Methanol body wall 35.89  ± 1.21 19.15  ± 1.45 0.53 Methanol digestive organs 57.61  ± 3.02 23.79 ± 1.67 0.41 Methanol gonad 337.60  ± 1.34 9.084  ± 1.15 0.02 Diethyl ether body wall 20.14  ± 1.16 56.27  ± 1.54 2.79 Diethyl ether digestive organs 37.01  ± 1.19 49.65  ± 1.53 1.34 Diethyl ether gonad 5.03  ± 1.90 5.11  ± 1.89 1.01 The average percentage of HIV-1 replication with extracts treatments based on three independent experiments. The percentage was considered as 100% when HIV-1 replication of DMSO sample reached to the peak. Instead, the rest of other samples with extracts treatments were calculated and converted into percentages based on DMSO and nevirapine used as a positive control in these experiments. The data were mean  ± SEM of three independent experiments.

Antitrust Summary :: Film Review

Antitrust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie Antitrust is a movie that does what many technology based movies do today. It exposes the truth about what we can really do with our increasingly advancing technology and how it can affect our lives immensely. In the story of Antitrust the plot evolves around what is called S.Y.N.A.P.S.E., which represents what will â€Å"Transform the way people communicate.† This new form of communication, due to S.Y.N.A.P.S.E., will be the first satellite delivered global communications system that links simultaneously every communication device in the world. The film addresses various sociological issues and deals with topics relevant to today’s society. The main character, Milo, is an idealistic young computer genius with an artist girlfriend and a bright future. He and his friend, Teddy fantasize about launching a start-up company when he’s recruited by NURV (Never Underestimate Radical Vision), a multi-billion dollar corporation, run by his professional hero, Gary Winston. Winston takes a personal interest in Milo. Little to Milo’s knowledge, Winston has ulterior motives. He needs his brilliance to stay ahead of the field in the race for convergence. â€Å"There is no second place,† Winston implants in his employees as a motivator. For Milo it’s a dream come true, a chance to become a legend in his own right. It’s hard to disappoint Teddy, but their offer is too good to refuse. With a talented new colleague, Milo is soon caught up in the exciting challenge of realizing Winston’s vision. Winston is an inspired mentor and no problem remains unsolved for long, but new developments are brought to Milo with such speed and frequency, he begins to doubt their source.

Bounded Rationality in Education

I am inspired most by the cognitive bias and the risk control of the decision- making while learning this course. Having been engaged in the financial industry for years, I am deeply aware of the fact that most individual investors tend to perform those bounded rationalities for characteristics of decision-making while making investment, but I can’t find out the reason for their existence.After learning this course, however, I feel suddenly enlightened. The phenomenon that has bothered me so long is caused under the influence of the cognitive bias and emotion which will affect the risk assessment and judgment made to the investment object. In western countries, most families make investment mainly in dominant financial assets including stock, bond, real estate and insurance and have strong awareness of the risk averse in above fields.Meanwhile, there’re many organizations and books about the decision-making that are referred to by the individual investor. In Chinese fam ilies, in addition to the above investment of the financial assets, the investment of the family education, as a special form which involves all Chinese people, takes a large proportion. This is because a long-term funding is made by parents ever since their kids are born as a result of the non-free education in China. Never let children lose at the starting line† and â€Å"education is the largest investment† are two popular education ideas in our country, which comprehensively inflect the current situation of Chinese families’ investment to the children education. As parents put the entire earning into their kids, a good return is surely expected. But since income is companied with risk, Chinese education investment, therefore, belongs to the risk investment and, meanwhile, has the specific characteristic that is not covered in western theory.The invest object in this essay is mainly about the education domain in China, I think it’s also necessary to app ly the theory of this course to avoiding the influence of the cognitive bias as well as the mental trap and the irrationality in the education investment. By introducing the behavioral motive of the education investors, I intend to master its pattern and make judgment of the irrational behavior, which, I believe, will help protect the interest of the family investor. FindingThe misunderstanding of the family education investment in China is generated mainly because investors, i. e. parents, make blind investment without thinking about their economic conditions, the investment risk as well as the personalized growth of their children. In traditional Chinese culture, parents’ education investment to their children is unconditional and selfless, which lead to a lack of scientific and rational planning as well as decision in the education investment in many families and, meanwhile, cause some misunderstandings.The â€Å"following blindly† phenomenon of purely pursuing high and abroad education is becoming more and more violent. Considering the cognitive bias of investors, the education investment with high expectation and input, instead of bringing expected return to the family members, leads to extra economic burden and, at the same time, might influence the development of the educatees’ career in the future.As attention has been paid to the generation of the misunderstanding of the education investment behavior, many scholars make analysis in terms of the government policies, the social environment, the high education and other macro level. Through learning the course, I, on the other hand, would like to say that the education investment is mainly from the cognitive bias while investors make their decision. The cognitive bias includes all kinds of decision-making bias caused by the restraint of investors’ cognitive psychology and external environment.The cognitive bias of the decision-making of the family education investment is gener ated under the influence of the external environment and socio-cultural background with the asymmetric information as well as the cognitive level and personal preference of investors, which causes the lean on Heuristic. Bazerman argued that the misapplication of heuristics to inappropriate situations leads people astray. It’s difficult to calculate the specific input and output of the family education investment in a quantitative way, resulting in the ambiguity of the assessment of the effect of the education investment.As there’re a large number of variables of the non-monetary cost-benefit in the education investment, our estimation has to be adopted to judge the cognitive part SYSTEM 1. Analysis Despite the difference in the investment object between the education and the traditional investment, the behavior of the education investment of a family which is as a micro investor, is subject to the risk of the expected return of the investment, the risk as well as the i nfluence of other corresponding factors, which has common character with the investment behavior in the decision-making.The science of behavior and decision-making, as a course between the marginality of the psychology and the economics, tries to involve the behavior of the irrational complex investors into the standard theory of the decision-making by making amendment to the assumption of the traditional management theory according to the research findings in the psychology. In our study, we find the decision-making theory laying more emphasis on people’s â€Å"bounded rationality†.It explains the investor behavior and makes it more close to reality based on the theories of the cognitive psychology and the behavioral science as well as related principles of the economics. Under the condition of uncertainty, some cognitive factors will influence people to make their decision. The most common way is to make decision by adopting â€Å"the elicitation method† by in vestors. It’s not easy to make a rational investment while facing the risk mainly because it can’t avoid the heuristic bias in the decision of the family education investment.The effect of the demonstration by example of the education investment income and the representativeness heuristic. Family investors usually care too much about the prominent, specific and typical information while neglecting the abstract and complex data. Therefore, parents often take typical cases learned through media as the foundation and reference for the decision-making, which might be influenced by the â€Å"representativeness heuristic bias†.For example, some families help their children study abroad considering the successful cases they know, though overseas study might not fit them at all. It is believed that people can find familiar modes to make judgment by assuming that the circumstance in the future is similar to that in the past without thinking about the reason of how those modes happen or the repeat probability of those modes. Decisions and judgments made under the condition of uncertainty are not accurately calculated and analyzed by using the probability theory in the assumption of the â€Å"Rational Man†.It is firmly convinced by investors with â€Å"representativeness bias† in the stock market that a â€Å"good company† can surely produce â€Å"good stock†, similarly some parents will believe that a â€Å"good school† can foster â€Å"good students†, which typically embodies the representativeness bias. The limitation of searching information by investors and the availability heuristic. Regarding the availability heuristic, some people think that it is generated due to the overwhelming memory and search bias, that is to say, not all information will be searched unbiasedly while related information is searched in memory.Decision makers of families tend to use information that is easy to access, so the limit ation in searching information is inevitable since people can’t have a comprehensive knowledge about the professional quality of education providers, the demand for the education products in future market as well as the state of educatee’s endeavor and intelligence. We can say that the characteristics of the information insufficiency and asymmetry really stand out.Besides, there’s a distinct asymmetry in the cost and benefit of the education investment caused by the hysteretic nature of the decision-making effectiveness of the education investment. The decision-making of the education investment, built based on the future expectation, is a subjective expected value by people. Information that is searched from memory in the first place will become the major foundation for people to make judgment and decision as this information has advantage in the stimulus frequency, novelty and vitality.For example, high education means high income. Studying at college is, on a whole, positively correlated to the income obtained by children in the future. Parents tend to compare their children with the group of the same age in the education level, usually with those accessible ones such as relatives, colleagues or those reported in news media. Compared with the complicated and boring calculation and prediction as well as the omnibearing information search that waste time and energy, people would rather picking common reference object as the decision foundation.Though it can simplify the process of decision-making and reduce its difficulty, the availability information has strong one-sidedness and bias can be seen in the behavior that the decision-makers pick the information itself. We can see from the above that the â€Å"availability bias† is a key factor not to be neglected in the misunderstanding of the family education investment. The competitive psychology and anchoring effect of the education investment.We often develop estimates by starting with an initial anchor that is based on whatever information is provided and adjust from the anchor to yield a final answer (Epley, 2004; Epley & Gilovich, 2001). Mussweiler and Strack (1999) showed that the existence of an anchor leads people to think of information that is consistent with that anchor. The competition in the education investment shows parents’ expectation for their children while the competitive psychology can influence decision-makers’ normal investment behavior owing to the negative effect caused by the anchoring effect.Decision-makers, for lack of the quantitative analysis, usually refer to the obscure reference foundation obtained from former experience and make comparison as well as judgment of the input and income from one or several points of view, which will become the key point in the decision-making of the education investment. The competitive psychology is necessary for the achievement of higher value in one’s life.Many families, how ever, ignoring the specific circumstance of educatees, take the education investment as an unrealistic comparison caused by the anchoring effect which influences the investors to rationally adjust the â€Å"anchored† object. The family decision-makers will decide the investment direction and level according to the â€Å"anchored† assessment result by choosing external reference objects which distract their normal decision-making. Therefore, an irrational conclusion is generated. The bias produced by the education investment object can direct influence the decision of the investee.That is to say, the cognitive bias of the decision of obtaining employment appears among graduates, which consequently lead to the output of the education investment that is less than the expected return. Firstly, We can see the bounded rationality of the graduate employment from their overconfidence. The overconfidence might be the most stable psychological feature of human being since it is indicated in many evidences that people tend to be overconfident for the estimation of the occurrence probability of uncertain events while making decision.Thus bolstered by the availability of supportive evidence, we overestimated the accuracy of our knowledge and the truth of our tentative hypotheses (Koriat, Lichtenstein, & Fischhoff,1980) This feature, however, can lead to an overestimation of their knowledge and ability, an underestimation of the existing risk as well as the exaggeration of their control ability of events and, what’s worse, the decision bias. Besides, the â€Å"Sheep-Flock Effect† that are based on information, reputation and reward can be found among graduates as a result of the herd mentality, which might influence graduates’ decision-making of obtaining employment as well.Second is the self-control bias. The so-called self-control means the control of emotion. Without the self-control, no rational decision can be made and, meanwhile, ind ividuals tend to attribute success to themselves while failure to others or objective conditions. In obtaining employment, the failure is usually attributed to non-self factors such as the recruitment policy of enterprises or the stronger backstage of others instead of to students themselves or to the fact of whether they fit such enterprise culture and work environment.With such bias, students, even though be hired by certain enterprise, will finally be eliminated due to their weak adaptation. Solutions Owing to the feature of the family education investment, the investor is not exactly the beneficiary. The beneficiary of parents’ education investment is their children while its decision-makers are parents, so the quality and cognitive level of parents have an important influence to the investment behavior. With the strategies of our literature (Bazerman, Chapter 11), I supposed to provide three of them to solve our problem and increase the effectiveness of investor’s decision-making processes.In our case, parents should firstly DEBIAS JUDGEMENT to unfreeze their basic knowledge and psychology about the education investment and, by making analysis of typical cases, be guided to know the source and harm of various blind education investment as well as to think about the decision process and behavioral characteristic of themselves so as to avoid the herd mentality. The second solution should be provide to those administration department of the public.They should strengthen the informatization construction, lay stress on the policy advocacy and the public opinion’s influence to the family education investment as well as construct the â€Å"rational† environment of the education investment. Provided investors have enough accurate information, it will help avoid the generation of the bias and reduce the frequency of bias behavior. Meanwhile, the public opinion department should increase the information channels as well as the number of information issued and its promptness and accuracy so that media can correct the bias of investors’ behavior.Finally, Using expertise or taking a outsider’s view can be a good choice for our investors. The planning and consulting industry of personal career and special agency of the family financial management should be rapidly developed to make up the lack of the cognition of investors. Owing to the long period length and the irreversibility of the education investment, family decision-makers have no chance to learn and improve their behavior one more time. In that case, a special agency should be adopted to guide decision-makers to be more rational by making analysis of their psychology.As the decision-making of the family education investment is traditionally seen as a family issue that can only be decided by family members, a special agency is needed to make planning and guidance of the behavior with strong sense of subjectivity and irrationality. In some developed countries, the career planning companies as well as the assessment and testing agencies for the personality development of students are set up to make up the limitation of decision-makers’ cognition about the educated.There are a large number of institutional investors in the financial field which grasp detailed and accurate information as well as solid professional theoretical knowledge since they are professional investment organizations operated by technical investment staff with rich experience, so they usually can secure their ends in the market by their advantages compared to those medium and small investors. The latter has more â€Å"irrational† factors than institutional investors.Every individual decision of the family education investment is like the â€Å"private investor† in the stock market while enquiry agencies equipped with professionals and technical evaluation software are like the â€Å"institutional investor† which can make put forwar d the advice of the rational education investment as well as the prediction of the future return on the basis of fully respecting the individualization growth of students through the scientific analysis made by professionals and the systematic evaluation with the help of professional software, in which way the misunderstanding of the behavior can be effectively avoided.Conclusion In this essay, we have introduced the investment of the education in China, as a special investing form which involves all Chinese people, belongs to the risk investment and, meanwhile, has the specific characteristic that is not covered in western culture. Since it’s difficult to calculate the specific input and output of the family education investment in a quantitative way, I depicted five typical cognitive biases to evaluate the misunderstanding in our investment. The first three biases the representativeness heuristic, availability heuristic and anchoring belong to the investor.But the bias abov e produced by the education investors can direct influence the decision of the investee. The overconfidence and self-control bias become the main biases of the students when they graduated from school. With such biases, the utilities of the output always take disappointment. Owing to the biases, I also provide some strategies of our literature to solve our investing problem and increase the effectiveness of investor’s decision-making processes. By using expertise or taking a outsider’s view and debias judgment, investors are able to unfreeze their mindset and provide their children a better decision in education.References: [1] Max H. Bazerman & Don A. Moore, 2009, Judgment In Managerial Decision Making, 7th Edition. [2] Tim Dalgleish & Mick J. Power, 2000, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, WILEY [3] Tversky A, Kahneman D. , 1974, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science. [4] Tversky A, Kahneman D. , 1972, Subjective probability: A judgment of repres entativeness. Cognitive psychology. [5] Shleifer, A. , 2000, Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chinese Civilization Essay Essay Example

Chinese Civilization Essay Essay Example Chinese Civilization Essay Essay Chinese Civilization Essay Essay The land here is wide and diverse. Among this huge piece of Earth. one can happen both husbandman and man of affairs ; mountain and field ; drouth and rainfall ; barren and farming area. It is huge. it is multifaceted. And yet these aggregations of disparate and dissimilar presences are bound as one. side by side with each other. They are together. they are connected. They are united. united under one name: China. It is impossible to take a individual word that precisely represents all the land of China. The Himalayan Mountains might hold â€Å"majesty. † or the Forbidden City might hold â€Å"opulence. † but surely the two are rather different and can non be swapped. Yet there is a word that can depict all the land of China: the metropoliss. the mountains. the small towns. the fields. the towns. the rivers. the comeuppances. That word is Beauty. China’s cultural sphere has extended across East Asia as a whole. with Chinese faith. imposts. and composing systems being adapted to changing grades by neighbours such as Japan. Korea and Vietnam. The first grounds of human presence in the part was found at the Zhoukoudian cave. It is one of the first known specimens of Homo erectus. now normally known as the Peking Man. estimated to hold lived from 300. 000 to 780. 000 old ages ago China ranges from largely plateaus and mountains in the West to take down lands in the E. Chief rivers flow from West to east. including the Yangtze ( cardinal ) . the Huang He ( Yellow river. north-central ) . and the Amur ( nor-east ) . and sometimes toward the South ( including the Pearl River. Mekong River. and Brahmaputra ) . with most Chinese rivers emptying into the Pacific Ocean. In the E. along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea there are extended and dumbly populated alluvial fields. On the borders of the Inner Mongolian tableland in the North. grasslands can be seen. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain scopes. In the central-east are the deltas of China’s two major rivers. the Huang Heand Yangtze River. Most of China’s cultivable lands lie along these rivers. and they were the centres of China’s major antediluvian civilisations. Other major rivers include the Pearl River. Mekong. Brahmaputra and Amur. Yunnan Province is considered a portion of the Greater Mekong Subregion. which besides includes Myanmar. Laos. Thailand. Cambodia. and Vietnam. [ 47 ] In the West. the North has a great alluvial field. and the South has a huge chalky plateau traversed by hill scopes of moderate lift. and the Himalayas. incorporating Earth’s highest point. Mount Everest. The Northwest besides has high tableland with more waterless desert landscapes such as the Takla-Makan and the Gobi Desert. which has been spread outing. During many dynasties. the southwesterly boundary line of China has been the high mountains and deep vale of Yunnan. which separate modern China from Burma. Laos and Vietnam. The Paleozoic formations of China. demuring merely the upper portion of the Carboniferous system. are marine. while the Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentations are estuarial and fresh water. or else of tellurian beginning. Groups of volcanic cones occur in the Great Plain of north China. In the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas. there are basaltic tableland. Part II CONTRIBUTIONS Society. Hundreds of cultural groups have existed in China throughout its history. The largest cultural group in China by far is the Han. This group. nevertheless. is internally diverse and can be farther divided into smaller cultural groups that portion similar traits. Over the last three millenary. many antecedently distinguishable cultural groups in China have been Sinicized into a Han individuality. which over clip dramatically expanded the size of the Han population. However. these assimilations were normally uncomplete. and traces of autochthonal linguistic communication and civilization still frequently remain in assorted parts of China. Because of this. many within the Han individuality have maintained distinguishable lingual and cultural traditions while still placing as Han. Several ethnicities have besides dramatically shaped Han civilization. e. g. the Manchurian vesture called the qipao became the new â€Å"Chinese† manner after the seventeenth century. replacing earlier Han manners of vesture such as the Hanfu. The modern term Chinese state ( Zhonghua Minzu ) is now used to depict a impression of a Chinese nationality that transcends cultural divisions. China has over 50 minority groups. Each group has different linguistic communications. imposts. and traditions. Gap between the Rich and the Poor. The Chinese society was structurally complex and non much is known about it. Research is still on. Life in old Chinese society on a normal on the job twenty-four hours was difficult and hardworking for the husbandmans while epicurean and laid back for Lords and merchandisers. There was a broad demographic spread between the husbandmans and male monarchs and Lords. The husbandmans were far more in population as compared to Lords. They were economically exploited and were made to work really hard. The Lords lived in epicurean castles while the husbandmans in China survived in little huts. Naturally the Lords were extremely regarded and lived with great wealths. Religion. There are three chief faiths in China. They are Confucianism. Buddhism. and Taoism. They were suppressed by the CCP during the twentieth century. but they are still alive and perforating the heads of Chinese today. These faiths are all widespread. and aside from other universe faiths. they all originated in China. Confucianism was the official doctrine throughout most of Imperial China’s history. and command of Confucian texts was the primary standard for entry into the imperial bureaucratism. China’s traditional values were derived from assorted versions of Confucianism. A figure of more autocratic strains of idea have besides been influential. such as Legalism. There was frequently conflict between the thoughts and doctrines. for illustration. the Song Dynasty Neo-Confucians believed Legalism departed from the original spirit of Confucianism. Examinations and a civilization of virtue remain greatly valued in China today. In recent old ages. a figure of New Confucians ( non to be confused with Neo-Confucianism ) have advocated that democratic ideals and human rights are rather compatible with traditional Confucian â€Å"Asian values† . With the rise of European economic and military power get downing in the mid-19th century. non-Chinese systems of societal and political organisation gained disciples in China. Some of these manque reformists wholly rejected China’s cultural bequest. while others sought to unite the strengths of Chinese and European civilizations. In kernel. the history of 20th-century China is one of experimentation with new systems of societal. political. and economic organisation that would let for the reintegration of the state in the aftermath of dynastic prostration. Economicss. By approximately 10. 000 BCE. in the Neolithic Era. agribusiness was practiced in China. Stratified bronze-age civilizations. such as Erlitou. emerged by the 3rd millenary BCE. Under the Shang ( ca. 1600–1045 BCE ) and Zhou ( 1045–771 BCE ) . a dependent labour force worked in large-scale metalworkss and workshops to bring forth bronzes and silk for the elite. The agricultural excesss produced by the manorial economic system supported these early handcraft industries every bit good as urban centres and considerable ground forcess. This system began to disintegrate after the prostration of the Western Zhou Dynasty in 771 BCE. predating the Spring and Autumn and Warring provinces eras. As the feudal system collapsed. much legislative power was transferred from the aristocracy to local male monarchs. A merchandiser category emerged during the Warring States Period. ensuing in increased trade. The new male monarchs established an luxuriant bureaucratism. utilizing it to pay wars. construct big temples. and execute public plants undertakings. This new system rewarded endowment over birthright ; of import places were no longer occupied entirely by aristocracy. The acceptance of new Fe tools revolutionized agribusiness and led to a big population addition during this period. By 221 BCE. the province of Qin. which embraced reform more than other provinces. incorporate China. built the Great Wall. and set consistent criterions of authorities. [ 5 ] Although its Draconian Torahs led to its overthrow in 206 BCE. the Qin establishments survived. During the Han Dynasty. China became a strong. unified. and centralised imperium of self-sufficing husbandmans and craftsmans. though limited local liberty remained. The Song Dynasty ( 960–1279 CE ) brought extra economic reforms. Paper money. movable type. the compass. and other technological progresss facilitated communicating on a big graduated table and the widespread circulation of books. The province control of the economic system diminished. leting private merchandisers to thrive and a big addition in investing and net income. Despite breaks during the Mongol conquering of 1279. the Ming Dynasty continued the Song’s economic development. However. when the isolationist Qing Dynasty came into power. China’s economic development began to decelerate. Europe’s rapid development during the Industrial Revolution enabled it to excel China- an event known as the great divergency. Trade with foreign states on a big graduated table began during the reign of Emperor Wu. when he sent the adventurer Zhang Yi to reach states west of China in hunt of Alliess to contend the Xiongnu. After the licking of the Xiongnu. nevertheless. Chinese ground forcess established themselves in Central Asia. get downing the celebrated Silk Road. which became a major avenue of international trade Paper and Printing. The greatest Chinese finds of all times which the whole universe accepts even today are the art of paper devising. printing. gun pulverization and magnetic compass. Paper devising was an art which developed in ancient China and they used silk. fabric. bark. fibre and hemp. Subsequently during the Han Dynasty. about 1800 old ages ago. paper devising was refined and was being made from hemp and bark and subsequently from bamboo. Printing engineering was invented in ancient China as far back as the eighth century and by 868 they were utilizing wood block printing which was used to publish the first book in the universe. Promotion in the engineering came by eleventh century when movable ceramic pressman was invented during the regulation of the Song Dynasty. By the clip the Tang dynasty came to power in ancient China. printing and paper devising techniques had prompted the innovation of books and book stores in the metropoliss. Compass and Gun Powder. The innovation of these two had put ancient China in the bow forepart in footings of scientific find and development. The compass was highly utile for trade and sea travel. Here they used magnets to magnetise a arrow made of Fe. Subsequently the western universe borrowed the technique for the pilotage on the sea. Gun pulverization was invented by accident when the antediluvian Chinese found that throwing some types of mineral pulverizations in the fire produces colour and twinkle fire. They used the engineering for doing pyrotechnics. Subsequently the same gunpowder changed the art of modern warfare when it was used by the European powers against their enemies. Politicss and Government. Ancient China had monarchy. i. e. authorities headed by an emperor and a royal household. Chinese swayers besides called sovereigns based their authorities on the Confucian theoretical account. which taught that the swayer was a virtuous adult male who led by example†¦ Despotic leading. China like many other states at that clip was an agribusiness based state with the river Yangtze as its line of life. During the ancient period the male monarch would be the leader and would be more of a dictator than a male monarch for the people who would take determinations good to them. He has un-surpassing power in all countries be it economic system or administration or agribusiness which was the support of the people. Earliest incident of despotic leading could likely be traced back to the Hsia dynasty ( 2200 – 1750 BC ) when the emperor Yao picked Shun as his replacement to assist his people who were burdened by the regular inundations. Enlightened Leadership. Shun can be given recognition for being an enlightened leader. but he was really rough on his people. He could set any of his people to decease if they did non hold with his leading. Other penalties included utilizing whip. stick and mulcts for little offenses. He was succeeded by Yu. who founded Hsia. the first dynasty. During this dynasty the Chinese authorities or the emperor employed immense labour to work under four groups: military. farming. building workers and fabric labour. Textile labour were given the undertaking of weaving silk yarn by manus to do apparels for the royal household. building work included public work such as edifice wall. enlarging canals for agribusiness etc. Military. Ancient China was most of the clip caught in conflicts against the Huns or the encroachers. In military the casualty was really high. because at that clip it was quiet common to hold mass warfare killing 1000s at the same clip ; ordinary soldiers were merely treated as pawns by the male monarch and other leaders. Shan Dynasty ( 1750-1040 BC ) was ruthless when it came to conflicts. they even made the whole household battle in conflicts together because he believed they would contend better with each other. Position of Women. The Shan Dynasty followed the doctrine of Yin and Yan and believed in giving lesser function to adult females in the society as compared to work forces. Womans were non given chances and were treated as inferior. Attempts to reform the Chinese Government. The Chou Dynasty ( 1040 -256 BC ) tried to convey betterments in the authorities after the corrupt Shan Dynasty and tried to use the feudal system. This new signifier of authorities in ancient China collapsed and ended up with Warring provinces period ( 403- 221 BC ) . Furthermore. corrupt emperors caused the state to fall apart into a uninterrupted war like state of affairs. It was after these that the enlightened Qin Dynasty ruled. which tried to reform and unified the state and builds the Great Wall of China. The Ancient Chinese Government was more of Despotism instead than Enlightened Monarchy which works for the improvement of the people. Legal Systems. Many of the ancient legal systems were considered to be harsh by modern twenty-four hours criterions. When societies were get downing to set up civil order and a authorities hierarchy frequently many premises seemed utmost ; for illustration. Hammurabi’s Code and the oculus for an oculus rule or the anguish patterns common in Medieval Europe. Although. modern China may be suspected of human rights maltreatments. Ancient China’s legal system was based on ethical motives and the built-in good of the citizens. The Ancient Chinese legal system evolved through the rules of Confucianism and Legalism along with the traditions and ethical motives of Ancient Chinese life. Confucianism. Confucianism as a doctrine gained prominence in the early being of Ancient China. The Confucian doctrine believed that societal control and societal order could merely be created through instruction. Confucianism influenced the Ancient Chinese legal system as it believed that worlds were inherently good and that order was based on regard for the King and one’s fellow adult male. The early legal system of Ancient China was as a consequence. hesitant to use statute or written jurisprudence. This was because codified Torahs served to state people what to make without explicating the logical thinking. Alternatively of statute jurisprudence. the legal system of Ancient China was ab initio intended to be secondary to moral logical thinking. It was believed under Confucianism that by governing through traditions. norms. and ethical motives that those who broke the recognized conditions would be ashamed and ostracized from society. Over clip nevertheless. it became clear that in some fortunes people’s opportunism would differ from society. It was because of this that the premises of Confucianism were assorted with those of Legalism to organize the first statute jurisprudence in Ancient China. Legalism. Legalism in contrast to Confucianism was based on the construct that worlds were predisposed to evil or wrongdoing. This belief led to the apprehension that codified jurisprudence and penalties were needed in order to keep order in society. When Ancient China began to integrate these rules into their legal system a focal point was placed on the swayer. It was of import to these rules that the swayer remained above the jurisprudence so that his word could move as a usher. It was besides of import to Legalism that a swayer was respected so that his Torahs and penalties were seen as merely. As Ancient China’s legal system evolved it remained of import that the jurisprudence had the regard of the people and that the people understood the traditions. Important Principles. Ancient China’s legal system is one of the oldest legal traditions and yet unlike modern twenty-four hours systems there was no separation between civil and condemnable jurisprudence. The legal system of Ancient China was structured around the swayer being able to unite society’s involvements while keeping regard. This premiss is why any offenses against the swayer received no clemency. After the swayer in Ancient China the household was held in the highest respect ; this is why offenses against the household were considered one of the greatest offenses. In general Ancient China’s legal system attempted to implement filial piousness. to continue the regard of household ascendants. to avoid legal action when possible. to make hindrances to actions and to command effusions. In comparing. to many other early legal systems. China’s system was comparatively relaxed and centered on the citizens instead than authorities authorizations. Ancient China’s legal system was founded on the traditions of the society it was meant to command leting the system to germinate into the present twenty-four hours Culture. Daily life in Ancient China is every bit cryptic as it is old. The ancient Chinese were chief Godheads. creative persons. craftsmen and warlords. They created paper. gunpowder for conflicts. lucifers. cannons. compass. umbrellas and many more. They created many artefacts. They developed many soldierly humanistic disciplines and other art signifiers such as penmanship. They used coins with holes in them. As there were no Bankss at that clip they used to roll up the money through strings in the coins. Ancient China was ruled by many dynasties and was invariably plagued with war. The provincials celebrated spring which was a really of import festival in their life. It was celebrated during spring to welcome a good crop and good luck. Normally immature work forces and adult females paired up and American ginseng and danced. Like today. even in ancient China the Dragon was a mark of good fortune. Chinese art is good known throughout the universe. Its picture and penmanship established the guiding principals by which other civilisations would emulate. In Chinese art. each object has its ain subjective significance. and can be interpreted in many ways. To the Chinese. colour and signifier are non merely words. but are a portion of what makes them a alone people ; there ability to environ themselves with beautiful architecture and munificent technique know no bounds. Peoples around the universe love Chinese nutrient. and so they should. Lots of tradition and attention has gone into some of today’s finest and most celebrated dishes. In add-on. Chinese medical specialty has been around for centuries. but merely late has it go a new. and about baseline intervention. for common complaints such as concerns and febrilities. Ancient Chinese Paintings. There are really few remains of pictures of ancient times except on ceramic and tiles. a clear historic development can be traced merely after fifth century AD. Hundreds of caves of Buddhist wall pictures and coils dating back to late fifth century AD have been discovered. A extremely organized system of stand foring objects was discovered different from the western position ; the greatest strength of this art is its uncomparable command of lines and silhouette. The art of figure painting reached it’s tallness during the Tang Dynasty. which besides saw the rise of the great art of landscape picture executed as brush drawings with colour washes Chinese Music and Poetry. Ancient Chinese music can be traced back to Neolithic age based on the find of bone flutes. Poetry and Music were influenced by the Book of Song. Confucius and the Chinese poet and statesman Qu Yuan. In the Xia. Shang and Zhou dynasties music was merely for the royal households and very important persons. come ining the mainstream merely in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty. Kunqu. the oldest signifier of Chinese opera developed and it was during this clip that the authors and creative persons came up with new signifier of lyric poesy –Ci. Other Art Forms. There were other signifiers of art apart from the 1s mentioned above during ancient times in China like Seals. Calligraphy. Embroidery. kite doing. paper film editing and shadow puppetry. Ancient Chinese civilization self-praises of glorious signifiers of Art and traditional trades which are merely two of the many gems in China’s 5000 twelvemonth history.

Moral Autobiography Essays

Moral Autobiography Essays Moral Autobiography Essay Moral Autobiography Essay Over the years have learned to become more accepting and inclusive of all sexual orientations and overall worldviews. This can be seen particularly in my top points on the hermeneutic circle and how I have used my social location to influence my views on justice and sexuality. The hermeneutic circle is a tool that can be very easily related to the life that have lived so far. This ranges from academic to personal to employment. Having a wide variety of points on the hermeneutic circle is something I see as a vital part of who I am, and ultimately makes up who I am today. The first point on the hermeneutic circle that I believe is apt to my life is the very first one. What is the community of accountability for me in my life? I personally serve many roles to please other people. The first example would be in my service organization. Am the District Secretary, and my job is to assist the District Governor with anything that they might need throughout the year. Rarely complete any task with the thought in mind of how it will affect me personally. On a more educational level, complete all my assignments to please my professors and abide by their rules or guidelines. NT simple write a paper how I choose to; I have to follow the guidelines that were set for the assignment. The next point on the circle would be the second one. What are some of my loyalties stated or implied? This point brings me back to my service organization I am a member of. Whenever people ask me to describe myself, I begin with a member of this organization because I am loyal to them a nd their mission. It is something will always believe in and stand by. Another think I would say, but very different, would be that am Irish American. I identify as an Irish American because I am loyal to my family and their roots, but also to the fact that I was born in America and am an American Citizen. What attitude toward social change is being exemplified by my life choices? This is the next point that relates to my life. I believe that social change in America is desirable by the majority of Americans, however it is something we have trouble figuring how to do. Myself believe that we need social change, but also have a strong feeling it will not happen. Many people are stuck on what happened in the past, and need to move on to how to change the true. We can never change the past, and that is where us as Americans are getting stuck. The last point goes hand in hand with my next point pretty well in the context I see it in. What are my thoughts in regards to truth claims? I personally believe that there are never ways to 100% find the truth in situations and that goes back to social change. Any truth can be debated in the eyes of anybody because we are able to have our own opinions on things in todays society. Just because I believe that something is true, doesnt mean another person has to believe in its truth. Everyone is allowed to have their own opinions on things and each person can have their own idea of what is true and what is not. Along with that, all truths are open to examination and interpretations. Just because I believe that something is true doesnt mean I cant change my mind later on. Always allowing for possible revisions and re- imagination. The status of historical claims is something I see as a secondary method or way to explain my position or stance on situations. Ultimately believe that this goes back to the idea of social change and the past stopping us from moving forward. I believe that everything that has happened in the past, both historical and not, has made us the country we are today and we have no need to dwell on that past. When I am making claims always allow room for others to contest or disagree with what I have said, and never take offence if someone does. Being a member of such a service based organization we are always bouncing ideas off each other and giving each other feedback. I will admit that everyone contributes that one idea that changes the entire year and then there is always at least one idea which you regretted saying. Therefore I am always open to comments on my ideas and claims made. In my role as a Transition Leader at Default, I have constantly received feedback from my fellow peers, and value their input and opinions. Receiving feedback from others is a vital part of growing and is something I think everyone should use in their life. Knowledge comes from a multitude of places, and therefore there are many different types of knowledge. The main source of knowledge I use is from experiences. I always remember things that have tried before, ending both good and poorly. This is how I learn what to, or not to do, in the future similar situations. The other source Of knowledge I use is my peers. Learn from my fellow peers almost daily, and it is always so relatable. Having someone else around my age to help guide me through situations really helps during the tough times. All of these points from the hermeneutic circle are all dictated and influenced by my social location. Social location can consist of many different things but the one that define my location the most are my ethnicity, my economic class, and my gender. All three of these social location pieces play a ole of describing who I am as a person. When someone asks me what my ethnicity I am very proud to speak about that. I love being an Irish American, and would love that chance to learn more about my heritage one day. Having this outlook on my ethnicity has enhanced my ethical worldview in the way that I am very open and eager to explore new cultures and ethnicities. Just recently I had the opportunity to be fully immersed in the Arabic culture and the Muslim ethnicity. Allowing myself to open my eyes to new ethical worldviews has been a part of me that I have loved exploring the past few years. There is one thing that hinders this, and that is my economic class. I would consider myself to come from the middle economic class, as in I cant always afford everything my heart wants. I would love to take the time to expand my ethical worldview horizon, but I sadly cant afford to do so. I am never ashamed to say am from a middle class family, but sometimes it hurts your chances to take part in some amazing experiences. Hopefully one day the idea of economic class cannot be a factor when attempting to further your worldview, but as of right now it is hindering my ability. Finally, my gender is one that plays and interesting role in social location. I myself identify as a male and prefer masculine pronouns. However, over the past few weeks I have learned that not everyone is so simple. This is the reason that gender plays such a huge role in my eyes. I have never had any issues with my gender and it never accrued to me that others might while growing up. Gender is something is assigned to us, and is not something that we get to choose, and therefore almost always will have an effect on each persons social location. It doesnt matter what you identify as or what you prefer to be called, your gender will be your gender no matter what. All of these aspects of my social location all come together to help create my overall definition of the word justice. Justice is something that I do not fully believe in, however have defined it in a very clear way in my life. Justice is when the correct punishment or reward is assigned to an action completed by a human, animal, or entity. The problem I have with this is who gets to decide what is right and what is wrong? There has always been some grey rear when it comes to right and wrong because it is not always so clear. Also, in some situations we might say it is right and then someone else might consider it to be wrong. Should one person punish a person while someone else praises another? I do not believe that this will change until we come up with an ultimate way to clearly define something as right or wrong. Overall, everything that has any form of meaning in my life has formed together to make me the human being I am today. Will this be different then every single other human on the planet? Of course it will, but that is also makes us who we are.